Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder Essay

Introduction The purpose of this study is to compare and contrast the constructs of psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder. The aim is to highlight whether the terms psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder reflect the same construct or whether they differ. Furthermore, recommendations for treatment of criminal behavior will be explored. For the purposes of this evaluation some definitions need to be highlighted: Criminal offence is an act that breaks a law, which relates how to behave in society. The harm caused by the act is seen to be against society as a whole, not just a specific person. Sometimes it refers to the specific law that was broken (Herring, 2009). Crime is the breach of rules or law for which some authority†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, psychopathy was considered during the twentieth century, the most widely used term to describe antisocial behavior (Reed, 1996). In the 1980s, the committee who devised the Diagnostic and Statistical Manua l for the American Psychiatric Association recommended the term antisocial personality syndrome to be changed to antisocial personality disorder (Ellis Walsh, 2000). Antisocial Personality Disorder Hare McPherson (1984), were successful in pushing the idea that there is a significant correspondence between violent and persistent delinquent and criminal histories and antisocial personality disorder diagnosis. Acute persistent child conduct disorder behavior symptoms, also known as conduct disorder, have been directly linked to serious criminality and antisocial personality disorder (Ellis Walsh, 2000). Although criminality and antisocial personality disorder ought not be equated, they should be seen as closely linked behavioral phenomena (Ellis Walsh, 2000). Vitella (1996) believes that individuals with childhood conduct disorder have a higher than normal probability of being both criminal and diagnosed antisocial personality disorder in adolescence and adulthood, and persons wit h serious criminal records have a higher probability of being diagnosed psychopathic than those with little or no criminal history. Nevertheless, Ellis Walsh (2000) in caution pointed out that theseShow MoreRelatedPsychopathy Or Antisocial Personality Disorder921 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: PSYCHOPATHY OR ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER 1. Psychopathy or Antisocial Personality Disorder Valeria Frierson Walden University Dr. Hampe PSYCHOPATHY OR ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER 2. Abstract This paper will focus on the relevance of assessing psychopathy or antisocial personality disorder. The importance of the assessment and the adjudication process will also be discussed. Key words: psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, violence recidivismRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder And Psychopathy1777 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is Antisocial Personality Disorder? Antisocial Personality Disorder is a disorder that is characterized by a long-standing pattern of disregard for other people’s rights, often crossing the line and violating those rights. A person with Antisocial Personality Disorder often feels little or no empathy toward other people, and doesn’t see the problem in bending or breaking the law for their own needs or wants. The disorder usually begins in childhood or as a teen and continues into adulthood.Read MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder ( Sociopathy And Psychopathy Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesAntisocial personality disorder is a condition as to where the person that has the disorder tends to be manipulative, deceitful, reckless or malicious. 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This paper will discuss the literature for psychopathy and antisocial disorderRead MorePsychopathy, Sociopathy And Anti Social Personality Disorder913 Words   |  4 PagesAre Psychopathy, Sociopathy and Anti-Social Personality Disorder the same? Psychopathy, sociopathy, and anti-social personality disorder, also known as ASPD, are three very similar disorders; so much so that it is a common question if they are the same disorder or not. All three of them are defined as people who have anti-social behaviours. All of these disorders are very common in people who disregard both the law and social norms, have no shame or guilt, and are occasionally violent; such asRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder ( Dsm V )1672 Words   |  7 Pagesof Mental Disorders-V (DSM-V), released in 2013, places psychopathy, along with sociopathy, in the category of ego-syntonic1 personality disorders (Jenkins, 2014). The official term, encompassing both psychopathy and sociopathy, is Antisocial Personality Disorder; this disorder is â€Å"characterized by a long-standing pattern of a disregard for other people’s rights, often crossing the line and violating those rights† (Psych Central, 2014). Those afflicted with Antisocial Perso nality Disorder act onlyRead MoreTaking a Look at Psychopaths and Sociopaths1325 Words   |  5 Pages Of all the psychiatric disorders, none are more chilling to the world then the psychopaths and sociopaths. These two disorders, categorized as antisocial personality disorders, bring about the absolute worse people and killers that the world has ever known. The infamous serial killers, the people who do the unimaginable, were all psychopaths. The ability of these people to do what they do and know that what they are doing is wrong, is perhaps one of the most chilling and shocking characteristicRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder ( Ocd ) Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesAntisocial Personality Disorder Katie McGuire University of Groningen Student number: s3229211 Mentor group number: 1636 Mentors: Joke van Dijken and Johanna Hecht Date: 25/10/2016 Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) is a disorder characterized by behaviour that is socially undesirable such as breaking the law, lying, and not feeling any guilt. People who suffer from APD often have certain personality traits such as being charming, manipulative, insincereRead MoreThe Role Of Antisocial And Borderline Personality Disorder928 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom secure care: The role of antisocial/borderline personality disorder co-morbidity, substance dependence and severe childhood conduct disorder by Howard ET all it examines the relationship with ANTI SOICAL PERSONLITY DISORDER and criminally reoffending g after being released. The study the article talks about aims to test the relationship between ANTI SOICAL PERSONLITY DISORDER and its common co morbid disorders such as substance abuse borderline personality disorder and their chance to offend andRead MoreWhat Are Antisocial Behavior? Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Antisocial Behavior? A pattern of behavior that is verbally or physically harmful to other people, animals, or property, including behavior that severely violates social expectations for a particular environment. There are two components that make up Antisocial behavior: the presence of antisocial (i.e., angry, aggressive, or disobedient) behavior and the absence of prosocial (i.e., communicative, affirming, or cooperative) behavior. Anti-social behavior becomes a clinical disorder if reaching

The role of the community worker is fraught with tensions and dilemmas Free Essays

string(45) " 5 years later this still is a lasting view\." In Britain in the 21st century, community workers are often linked with economic regeneration and consultation, empowerment and capacity building. This is in total contrast with the 1970’s when community work was very closely associated with social work. (Twelvetrees, 2003. We will write a custom essay sample on The role of the community worker is fraught with tensions and dilemmas or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) Twelvetrees suggests that at its simplest community work is the ‘process of assisting people to improve their communities by undertaking collective action.’ (Twelvetrees, 2003.) Community work though is not just carried out by community workers, community leaders, support workers and many others may choose to call themselves community workers. The majority of community work is carried out by paid workers and they undertake a wide range of functions. Community workers are classically seen as a guide or catalyst, enabler or maybe a facilitator. Community workers ‘go’ to the place of the group and can advise its members on how they can do what they want to do. They can also cover roles such as secretary or chair, broker or advocate, but most important being clear about the fact that they must be clear about the role which they are playing at a certain particular time. Twelvetrees, (2003) suggests that community workers should be a ‘Jack of all trades’ who can take on different roles and approaches and are willing to bring them into play in different situations. Community work therefore has a wide skill base with a great emphasis placed on the ability to make judgements and build relationships with others. Community workers must be able to adapt to each new situation and be able to listen, understand and act in an appropriate way to the situation that they are involved with. Butcher, (in Butcher et al, 1993) suggests that on the most basic principles community stands for the idea that community is a network of people who share a common interest. For many, community is where they can both have a sociological and psychological link to others. Sociologically they can ‘be part’ of the community and can ‘identify with’ it psychologically. These two factors greatly strengthens the idea that community workers work with groups of people who have a common interest and reason for being together. Summarising the above Community work can therefore be best described as both a set of values and as a set of techniques, skills and approaches which are linked to these values. Twelvetrees (2003) suggests that these values are to do with justices, democracy, love and empowering, and ‘getting a better deal’ for those who are in some way disadvantaged. Primarily community workers must be able to establish relationships with others see the world through the community’s eyes and find ways to assist them to help themselves. The theory behind most community work is basically about helping people to get a better deal, primarily by making this happen themselves, by being a facilitator and empowering the community groups in which one is working. Derrricourt and Dale, (in Jacobs et al, 1994) suggests that no one can work in community work long before realising that even ‘the simplest thing is difficult’. Community work it’s self is a task of working with groups of people who may have different ideas but empowering them to come to a mutual agreement and find common ground in order to make the ‘project’ work. In any real life situation within community and youth work there will be pressures and constraints on a worker to operate in some ways rather than others. Whatever the ideology, the worker must select actions which seem most likely to help the members of the particular community to get a better deal for themselves and become more confident and skilled. Twelvetrees (2003) suggests that while the values of community workers will quite legitimately influence their priorities, they also have to be pragmatic about choosing which approach is likely to work best. One of the major sources of tension within community work is that some workers can sometimes go into a new project with the agenda already clear in their head, with no room for changing it. By having this approach community workers produce a great deal of tension simply because they are meant to be helping the community it’s self get a better deal through empowerment but by coming in with a fixed agenda it suggests that they have it all worked out. This leaves no room for any sort of consultation or community group meetings and can take away nearly all the interest by the residents. By not using community consultation the residents can very easily loose interest and involvement in a project if they are suspicious of the fact that it is not what they want to see happening. Community workers must be careful to go into a project with an open agenda and the ability to mould the agenda to what the residents want or face tension and the possibility of the lack of support of the community that they are working in. This happened in my local community. A substantial grant was won to improve the town. The council decided to create a community centre that would house a cyber-cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and open access hall for a variety of activities. It seemed like a good idea to the council yet the local community just wanted the money to be spent on tidying up the council estate, a new set of playground equipment and a new layer of paint in the church hall that the community had always used. Unfortunately the community worker and the council did not listen to what the residents wanted, and 5 years down the line the community centre is un-used except by a mothers and toddler group, with the rest of the community groups preferring to use their old hall. This project has tarred the council with a stereotype that they do not listen anyway so the local community has lost any belief in the fact that they are in it for their interests, even 5 years later this still is a lasting view. You read "The role of the community worker is fraught with tensions and dilemmas" in category "Papers" Community work often involves inter-agency working. Inter-agency work brings together a range of individuals, organisations and interest groups. By working with these agencies it can bring about tensions between the different managers, and can bring about competition and misunderstandings. Working with different agencies can seem like a good idea but there are many issues that can be raised and these can have a big effect on the overall ‘community; formed by the worker. Because each agency comes with its own agenda then their will be differences in the organisational systems. Banks et al (2003) states that different agencies have different systems for allocating work and recording and sharing information, this can cause many internal issues surrounding the smooth running of the project. When trying to work as a community worker to bring about change these issues must be carefully addressed. The tension will always be there because of the different agencies involved with their own interests but the role of the community worker here is to make sure that the project does not suffer and that the issues are dealt with in a open arena. Take for example a youth action project may include the police, youth workers and nurses. All these come with different agendas, youth workers looking at informal education and welfare, nurses on health and police officers on law enforcement and crime prevention. (Banks et all 2003) All of these different agenda have to be carefully managed in order for the project to be successful. Each agency must understand the importance of the project as a whole and be able to communicate any issues that it has with the other agencies. This is where the community worker can get stuck in the middle, between the different agencies and stuck in with inter-agency politics instead of being out in the community. Dilemmas also form part of the daily planning for community workers. Take for example the planning of a new project, does the worker go for a big and high profile project that will involve the whole community but may not be very effective due to the fact that it may never reach its goals. Or does the worker settle for the small project that will enable him/her to achieve the desired outcome and be able to address a certain issue that the community has raises like youth ‘hanging about on the streets’. This causes the community worker to face the fact that he either has to work with all the community, which he is likely to get more funding and support for, or just to focus on an achievable project like talking the youth ‘boredom’ that is happening. Dilemmas surrounding confidentiality is always a difficult to decide the ‘right’ course of action. Although community workers are not seen as a counselling service, many see workers as a trusted person in the community to talk to. In this situation confidentiality becomes important, but also the rules of breaking confidentiality have to be addressed as well. Confidentiality has its limitations to be enforced and this can cause the dilemma to the worker as to what is ethically right. Should the worker pass the information on or keep the confidentiality that he promised. (Roche, 2004) This issue was brought up when I was working as a youth worker in the local youth club setting. A young woman approached me saying that she needed to talk. Due to the fact that I had time to spare and she seemed distressed I let her talk and told her everything that she said would be confidential. She then told me that she was getting beaten up at home but did not want to it get out as she did to want her and her siblings to be spilt up. I spent a whole supervisory session talking to my supervisor about confidentiality. In the end I had to break it as a way of helping that young person to escape the endless circle but it was not a light hearted decision. My trust had been broken and since then the young girl has not come back to the youth club, but I know that she is now safe and living with a foster family and her siblings. One dilemma that community workers often face is the fact of accountability and who are they actually accountable to. Many workers would suggest that they are accountable to the community groups as they are working for what they need but others may suggest that they are accountable to the state and their employer. Community workers are employed by a wide range of bodies, including local authorities, primary care trusts, regeneration partnerships, charities, housing committees, the list is endless. All of these bodies have their own organisational and departmental aims for the community worker’s role, and the worker is accountable to in a legal/employment sense to their employer. (Henderson and Thomas, 1992) In any community work there is the potential for a complex layering system of accountability, as managers may be employed by some agency to mange work funded by their agency. (Banks, 2003) this is where community workers can find them selves pulled in different directions and must always be careful about what they do. In some cases they may have to balance contradictory and compelling demands and attempt to make sense and achieve them in order to carry out the desired aim. This may be where they community project has been given a set of money from the Church of England for a youth project, this project has then started to deal with people from all religions coming to the project. In order to retain the centres success the worker does not want to ban the youth from the centre due to the fact that they are benefiting from it. Yet the worker is going against the aims of the funding application. In this case the worker has to be accountable to both the Church of England and the youth who are attending the project. In order to attempt to solve this situation then the worker must talk to the Church and attempt to re-structure the funding application so that it can be used across the project and not just on the youth of the Church. (Adapted from Brierley, 2002.) Bryants, (1982, cited in Jacobs et al) suggests that a community worker acts as a catalyst and has nine skills: 1. relational 2. communication 3. organisational 4. mediating 5. bargaining 6. entrepreneur 7. researcher 8. political 9. tactical. In order to be all these then at some point there will always be conflicting ideas and dilemmas to be addressed. One can not attempt to fill all theses roles of a community worker and still be able to work on a level ground with others. Although all of these are very important the fact that a community worker can relate to others within the community is essential and the skill of being able to accept differences and be able to address these is a skill which is learnt and will always be important in our world of work. There will always be tensions and dilemmas to address but these must not get us down. We must learn to take everything in our stride and learn from our mistakes, being able to see where we went wrong and be able to apply these lessons learnt to our future practise. Our strategy must be based on a clear awareness of what we as workers are aiming to achieve by our intervention and use negotiation and communication to overcome any difficulties that we encounter. How to cite The role of the community worker is fraught with tensions and dilemmas, Papers

Extraterritorial Dimensions of Biofuel Policies †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Extraterritorial Dimensions of Biofuel Policies. Answer: Introduction: Biofuel is a type of fuel that comes from the materials of the renewable biomass that is mostly employed alternatively with the source of cleaner fuel in burning fossils (Walker, 2017). This type of fuel is of low carbon intensity, and therefore, they do not have a direct impact on global warming (Puri, Abraham Barrow 2012, p.1623). Besides, research suggests that the formulations from these fuels have the capability of removing materials like cooking oil and logging waste away from the stream of wastes. Biofuels became known right from the time man discovered fire. Its first form was wood, which was used for heating and cooking. Afterwards, it started being utilized in the form of electricity as it was used to produce electricity. Biofuels were discovered even before the fossil fuels but when the fossil fuels such as coal, gas and oil came into existence, the biofuels faced a major effect on their production and use. The fossil fuels with their advantages enabled the biofuels to gain popularity. Nikolaus August Otto, a German, was among the first persons to convince people to make use of ethanol. Rudolf Diesel, however, managed to make his diesel engine work with peanut oil (Bastos Lima Gupta 2014, p.394). After that, between 1903 and 1926, Henry Ford managed to change one of his models to use hemp which comes from biofuel. Unfortunately, petroleum became very cheap because of the massive introduction of crude oil and further reduced the use of biofuels as most vehicles changed to a much cheaper and efficient form of fuel. Thereafter, between 1973 and 1979, a dire crisis of fuel hit most countries due to the geopolitical conflict. As a corollary, in the 20th century, people started shifting to the use of biofuels with claims of rising oil prices, greenhouse gas emissions and the development of the rural areas. There are three main types of biofuels: ethanol, biodiesel, and biobutanol. Ethanol is more of pure alcohol and possibly the most permeating of the different types of biofuels that go into peoples tanks of gas. It is commonly made from sugarcane and corn, among other sources. Its advantages are that it is renewable, it boosts the economies of rural farming as its production help to reduce peoples reliance on foreign fossils, and it is cleaner since it emits less percentage of the greenhouse emissions (Walker, 2017). However, it also has a number of disadvantages: (1) It competes with the food supply industry since it is generated from sugarcane, corns and beets, which in turn increases the cost of these kinds of food. (2) It erodes soil and contaminates water supplies. (3) Compared to gasoline, its stored energy is less, which in turn reduces fuel mileage up to 30 percent. (4) In case it is used on engines or pipelines that are not designed for it, it can corrode them. Biodiesel is similar to the petroleum-based diesel fuel. It is derived from animal oils or vegetables. It is also renewable, boosts rural farming economies and can be recycled. Aside from that, it reduces tailpipe emissions, it has no sulfur and eradicates sulfur dioxide emanations. However, it is disadvantageous as it is quite costly, does not work with standard gasoline engines, and it is prone to cold weather since when the temperature goes down, it can gel up. Lastly, biobutanol is a type of biofuel that is derived from algae or bacteria. This type of biofuel is not well-known but it has an outstanding beauty since it can be directly used in standard gasoline engines even without being modified. Additionally, it is also renewable, has high octane level, and be distributed through the supply chain infrastructure and the existing pipeline. Unfortunately, its cost of production is quite high, making it a disadvantage (Walker, 2017). Biofuel in Australia In Australia, biofuel is available in two forms: biodiesel and ethanol. These types of fuels can be produced from sugarcane, grains or sorghum. Australia has three commercial producers of ethanol, whom are all found in the East Coast. According to the law, the fuel ethanol blends have 10 percent market capitalization except others like the E85 which have higher concentration. There are blends available through service stations like Shell, BP, Caltex, United and other independents. These blends are known as E10, having concentrations of unleaded petrol at 90 percent and ethanol at 10 percent. They are mostly found in New South Wales and Queensland. By 2010, the government of Australia set forth a goal to sell 350 million liters of the blend each year (Analyzing the Biofuel Industry in Australia, 2014). The average annual production of biofuels in Australia in 2014 was circa 800 million liters, including the new ventures in algae-based and biodiesel biofuels. Carbon follows a certain route known as the carbon cycle illustrated in the figure above. It makes up organic matter and thus an important element on earth. Aside from making all the living things, it is also a part of the rocks, air and ocean (Willeit, Ganopolski, Dalmonech, Foley Feulner 2014, p.1699). Now, since the earth is dynamic, carbon is also on the move. It is the oxygen in the atmosphere from the carbon dioxide gas. Plants, on the other hand, make use of the carbon dioxide gas and light from the sun to grown and make their own foods. However, if plants do not make it and instead die, they get buried and may turn into fossil fuels with coal and oil, which are carbon components. In turn, these fossils fuels are used by human beings. When they are burnt, the carbon gets back into the atmosphere in form of carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases. This gas traps heat in the atmosphere and in case it is not there, the earth can freeze. However, the kinds of fuels that humans burn cannot allow that since the percentage of carbon in the atmosphere is increasing compared to what it was years ago (Eo.ucar.edu, 2017). As a corollary, the earth is even becoming warmer as days go by. References Bastos Lima, M., Gupta, J. (2014). 'The extraterritorial dimensions of biofuel policies and the politics of scale: live and let die?', Third World Quarterly, 35, 3, pp. 392-410. Eo.ucar.edu. (2017). The Carbon Cycle. [online] Available at: https://eo.ucar.edu/kids/green/cycles6.htm [Accessed 30 Aug. 2017]. Puri, M., Abraham, R., Barrow, C. (2012). 'Biofuel production: Prospects, challenges and feedstock in Australia', Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 8, pp. 6022-6031. Research and, M. 0012, 'Research and Markets: Analyzing the Biofuel Industry in Australia (2014). Business Wire (English), September, Regional Business News, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 August 2017. Walker, K. (2017). What is Biofuel?. [online] AZoCleantech.com. Available at: https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=329#1 [Accessed 30 Aug. 2017]. Willeit, M., Ganopolski, A., Dalmonech, D., Foley, A. Feulner, G. (2014). 'Time-scale and state dependence of the carbon-cycle feedback to climate', Climate Dynamics, 42, 7/8, pp. 1699-1713.