Caffeine psychostimulants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Caffeine psychostimulants - Essay Example One of the advantages of caffeine lies in its ability to cause the release of dopamine in the body leading to hyperactivity. The hyperactivity referred to in this case is not the activity found in hyperactivity disorder, but rather positive activity. The dopamine released activates the part of the brain associated with alertness and attention, as well as problem solving and pleasure (Russel, 2008). Because of this effect of caffeine, the body becomes hypersensitive to the environment around it and appreciation of the body needs. In this case, the capabilities of the brain are improved and increases as it acts as a stimulant all thanks to the activation of dopamine. The boost increases circulation around the body including the brain, where the brain increases even a larger amount of caffeine stimulation than the heart. It is through this dose of caffeine that it improves the mood of the caffeine consumer and allows one to think with enhanced precision and clarity (Gargulinski, 2011). In addition, caffeine contains numerous antioxidants that are crucial for the wellbeing of the human body in that they block the action of free radicals. The presence of these antioxidants in caffeine reduces the chances of developing cancer in a person, and in cases of cancer, its onset is usually delayed considerably. In the absence of caffeine, one remains susceptible to cancer due to free radicals that increase cell death and accumulation of the dead cells (Thompson and Keene, 2004). Other than this, caffeine is beneficial since it plays a crucial role in increasing the longevity of human life. In this case, increased consumption of caffeine increases the human lifespan, which is also caused by the antioxidants fond in caffeine. In addition, the risk of contracting Parkinson’s disease is reduced, especially when consumed for extended periods. One other advantage of consuming

Managing Health and Safety Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Managing Health and Safety - Dissertation Example Some situations may be emergencies, which definitely require a proactive procedure. Emergencies should be prevented as much as possible and that is why it is important to determine what might be an emergency, or what might lead to an emergency. If an emergency or a safety need does arise, it is detrimental that systems and policies are in place. This will not only avoid confusion and lack of readiness and education, it will minimize injuries, accidents, and liabilities. Measures of risk control should be taken. This can be accomplished by identifying what is missing or inadequate, using legal requirements and policies/guidelines as means of measurement, and based on findings, come up with recommendations. The theoretical foundation for security is to determine every possible loss event and in order to plan, develop, implement, enforce, and maintain systems, policies, and procedures. There is tremendous need because we live in a very fast-paced world full of information, technology, increase population, higher crime rates, increased poverty, different morals and standards, etc. Times have changed especially after 9/11, companies are more aware of security, safety, and issues. Levin (2, 5) states, â€Å"Another area that is providing growth opportunities is combating the rapidly evolving styles of theft and fraud. New forms of loss events often involve technology such as high-end audio-visual surveillance and cyber-tracking equipment†. Due to increased technology, identity theft is something that we usually never had to deal with before.

The Medication Errors Generated By Nurses Nursing Essay

The Medication Errors Generated By Nurses Nursing Essay In many cases, medication errors cause adverse events, and sometimes, the consequences are fatal. Many of these mistakes are avoidable if policies of the hospital governing medication administrations are adhered to. In the U.S. today, most people use prescription medications, over the counter drugs, or dietary supplements. Errors when prescribing or taking these medications has been a problem for patients, insurance companies and the health care industry. The focus on medication errors has stimulated rapid adoption of medication administration technologies such as the bar-code medication administration (BCMA) system. Medication administration is an important nursing task. Work overload, combined with increased numbers of prescribed medications, puts nurses at risk of making serious errors. Medication errors are costly in terms of increased hospital stays, resources consumed, patients harmed and lives lost. Mistakes also have the potential for serious effects on the nurse involved, ra nging from feelings of guilt and fear, to loss of clinical confidence, and disciplinary action as well as job loss. Medication errors happen in the hospital much more than are reported and their reasons are various including errors clinicians make in prescribing medications. A physician writes an order that sometimes contains instructions that if followed, will result in patients getting medications that are harmful to them. They may have had adverse reactions to such medications in the past or the drug may be contraindicated for the purpose for which they were ordered. This research paper will prove that the BCMA system is a reliable technology in reducing medication errors. On the other hand, critical steps omitted by health care providers and nurses often contribute to more than half of the medication errors generated when using the BCMA system. Thus, health care providers and nurses need to be educated on patient and medication safety as well as the accurate use of the BCMA syst em. A clinical policy on the use of the BCMA system will also be developed. For the purpose of research, the medication errors to be discussed will be restricted to the use of the BCMA system by nursing personnel. There are many regulatory guidelines for the administration of medications, but these policies are often ignored by nurses and other healthcare workers, and can result in errors. In the hospitals where we attend our clinical rotations, such as Kaiser and San Francisco General Hospital, medications such as chemotherapy, insulin, narcotics, heparin and magnesium sulfate have been identified as high risk medications. The nurse administering these drugs must have another licensed nurse cross check the order including the patients name and identification number (ID), route, dosage and administration time for accuracy. The second nurse often appends his or her signature to the order without doing or completing the cross-check. Medication error is the inappropriate use of medication that can cause harm to patients. (See Appendix A) Literature review Research and Critique of literature Franklin, OGrady, Donyai, Jacklin Barber (2007) are a group of pharmacists from the School of Pharmacy London and the Department of Pharmacy Surrey, UK, who conducted a before and after study of the BCMA system. They concluded that the closed-loop electronic and prescribing bar-code system reduced medication errors. Strengths of the study are that data were collected with a comprehensive framework and the identification of prescribing error was noted using a validated method. One weakness is that the system was piloted on one ward. A mixed method study by Koppel, Wetterneck, Telles Karsh (2008) from the Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Bio-statistics and the Department of medicine identified fifteen types of BCMA workarounds. Workarounds such as omission of process steps, steps performed out of sequence and unauthorized process steps. Some limitations in this study were that the nurses knew they were being watched using the BCMA and all possible workarounds were not included. H owever, the study suggests that the BCMA is beneficial in reducing medication error. Sakowski, Newman and Dozier (2008) found that medication errors identified by the BCMA system are benign and pose no harm to patients. A limitation of this study is that only errors detected by the BCMA were reviewed and errors did not contain the patients diagnosis. Cina, Fanikos, Mitton, McCrea Churchill (2006) are a group of pharmacists that include a medication safety officer and a director of pharmacy services at Brigham and Womens hospital (BWH) in Boston. The group studied errors generated in the medication repackaging center of BWH, in order to identify and implement improvements to reduce medication dispensing errors. Unfortunately, the study examined only one site and relied on human observers who may have failed to detect errors. See Appendix B According to the book To err is human: building a safer health system medication errors frequently occur during the prescribing, dispensing and administration stages, and preventable adverse drug errors are a leading cause of death in the U.S (Kohn, Corrigan Donaldson, 2000, p.26). The American Hospital Association found that over 33.6 million admissions in U.S. hospitals in 1997 alone, at least 44,000 to 98,000 died of medical error and another 7,000 deaths were due to medication errors (as cited in Kohn et al., 2000, p.26). In addition, Philips et al. noted that a review of some U.S. death certificates, revealed about 7391 deaths caused by medication errors in 1993 (as cited in Kohn et al., 2000, p.32). Researchers Kaushal, Bates, Franz, Soukup, and Rothschild (2007) conducted a statistical analysis and noted that about 49.1% of medication errors were serious and 15% were life threatening. They also found that the cost of medication errors at the 735-bed Brigham and Womens Hospita l is about $1.5 million per year and $1.48 million for a 20-bed tertiary care academy hospital (Kaushal et al., 2007). Fatal or serious medication errors result in additional lengths of stay in the hospital, thus adding to treatment costs. In order to reduce frequent errors, the BCMA was introduced to the health care system by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Institute of Medicine (OMalley, 2008). Sakowski et al. (2008) have found that approximately 3.1% of drug errors are made during hospital stays in the U.S. This finding is astonishing in the sense that the hospital is where people turn to for medical help and not medical injury that can result in death. However, the adoption of the BCMA by most hospitals today, has helped reduce medication errors before they reach patients (Cochran, Jones, Brockman, Skinner Hicks, 2007). With the use of the BCMA, 37% of medication errors were detected by nurses during the dispensing phase and 27%, during the administration phase (Cochran et al., 2007). Furthermore, they noted that the implementation of the BCMA in a 240-bed regional hospital study prevented 1,300 medication errors for a period of eight months (Cochran et al., 2007). Some of these errors were interrupted by the BCMA when medications were going to be given prior to their specified time, or about to be given without a physicians order, or to be given to the wrong patient (Co chran et al., 2007). Due to heavy workloads, busy shifts, error warnings and the bulky nature of the BCMA, nurses find ways to bypass the BCMA system in order to get through busy schedules. These shortcuts often lead to errors in medication administration along with errors generated by the prescribing physician, as well as by the dispensing pharmacy. Medication administration is a complex system that requires coordination among physicians who order the medications, pharmacists who verify and dispense the drugs, and nurses who administer the medications to the patients. Summary Steps in medication administration are initiated when a drug is prescribed by a health care provider. The prescriber writes the patients name, date, medication name, dosage, route (e.g. by mouth), number of tablets/capsules to be dispensed, the prescribers signature, his/her medical license number and Drug Enforcement Administration number (DEA) (numbers assigned to health care providers used for prescribing pain medications). Medication errors occur at this stage and include reasons such as a lack of attention to detail, lack of communication, duplicate medication with the same name but different doses or an illegible prescription order (Benjamin, 2003). Benjamin (2003) also noted that 71% of medication errors are due to poor communication, which can lead to prescribing contraindicated medication for a patient He goes on to give the example of an 80-year old man who was given the pain medication Demerol despite a reported allergy to Demerol. After administration, the patient became unresponsive, had respiratory arrest and suffered hypoxic encephalopathy (lack of oxygen to the brain causing brain damage) (Benjamin, 2003). This incident goes further to show how important it is for physicians to communicate and listen to patients and nurses concerns when prescribing medications. Below is a copy of a poorly written prescription by a healthcare provider. In this example there are 3 different types of medications prescribed for one patient. Although the handwriting is legible, ambiguous writing can lead to misinterpretation and further lead to medication error (Benjamin, 2003). See Appendix C. Steps taken to ensure safety standards include affixing a computer generated bar code on medication containers. Pharmacists are supposed to be the first line of defense in reducing errors; however, pharmacies can contribute to medication errors as shown in the research by (Cina et al., 2006). The pharmacist or pharmacy technician prints and affixes bar codes on medications that are ready for administration. During this process, medication errors occur either due to the placement of wrong bar codes, medications missing bar codes, misspelled medications or medications with two different bar codes (Cina et al., 2006). Furthermore, 59.7% of medication errors occur during the final stages of pharmacy repackaging system, a system of replacing commercial packaging for generic ones, due to incorrect lot numbers and NDCs (Cina et al., 2006). Another research by Cochran et al. 2007 found that medication errors frequently entailed mislabeled medications, medications without bar codes and medica tions with bar codes that would not scan. Therefore, pharmacists need to be more vigilant in checking for bar codes, lot numbers, correct NDCs, correct medication spellings and also verify illegible prescriptions in order to reduce chances of medication errors. Despite the adoption of the BCMA as a medication safety technology, research has shown that nurses still contribute to a majority of medication errors. Koppel et al. (2008) have found that 32% to 60 % (adult pediatric patients) of medication errors occur during the medication administration stage, most of which are caused by nurses because they failed to use the BCMA system. Because medication errors are so prevalent at the administration stage, nurses are mandated to use the BCMA system and are also required to abide by the medication administration guidelines step-by-step, through the final documentation stage. If a step of the medication administration process is missed, the likelihood for medication errors increases. A research by Franklin et al. (2007) confirmed that nurses fail to check patients IDs 80% of the time before giving medications and 16% of medications were given before scanning the patents ID band (Carayon et al.,2007). For example, wrong medications can be interce pted by a nurse if he/she compares the printed medication bar code to the information displayed on the BCMA system. In order to reinforce proper usage, monthly in-service (refresher course) may be required to educate nurses on medication administration as well as the importance of abiding by the hospital policy of medication administration. The alarm sound on the BCMA system also allows nurses to detect medication errors before they get to the patient. But research has shown that nurses often disable and ignore the alarm sound because they claim, the sound is annoying and weird (Carayon et al, 2007). Koppel et al. (2008) found that nurses overrode BCMA alerts for 4.2% of patients charted and for 10.3% of medications charted. Errors were generated because the BCMA alarm was disabled and nurses did not follow administration steps, thus giving medications without confirmation by the BCMA system. The BCMA needs to be equipped with a mechanism that would restrict nurses from bypassing any administration step and this would help to reduce medication error. Also, the BCMA alarms should be configured such that the correct administration steps must be taken before advancing to the next step. For the BCMA to work properly, its advised that it should be charged or plugged in when not in use since it is a mobile machine that is in constant use. Often times, nurses fail to charge the BCMA as advised and when the BCMA loses charge, it shuts down without warning which can lead to data loss (Parker Baldwin, 2008). Data loss causes frustration for nurses; so they decide to skip the BCMA system during drug administration (Parker et al, 2008). When batteries fail, nurses had no immediate means to replace them with charged battery. Use of the BCMA was suspended until the units were recharged (Parker et al., 2008). Since the BCMA system is used constantly for multiple patients, battery life can be preserved by getting a BCMA that uses removable batteries. A removable battery can last for twenty-four hours as well as making sure that there are extra replacement batteries for the BCMA. The BCMA system requires lots of confirmatory steps and a personal log-in process by nurses before a medication is confirmed accurate for administration. Parker et al. (2008) found that nurses were dissatisfied with the log-in process because it requires much time to complete a single log-in. A single log-in process could take up to 2 minutes, consuming up to 48 minutes of nursing time waiting for computer access(Parker et al., 2008). Therefore, nurses cut corners in using the BCMA; they decide to give the medication without using the BCMA and document the action at a later time. This can cause a nurse to administer the wrong medication and to the wrong patient. The BCMA process requires that nurses scan both, the medication and patients ID band in the patients room before administration. In many clinical facilities, the policy is for nurses to dispense the medications, one patient at a time. In fact, the rule is that the nurse, check the medication record of a patient against the pa tients profile in the pyxis (medication storage). If they match, the nurse will then pull out the medications for the particular patient and walk directly to the patients room with the medications and the BCMA system. In the patients room, the nurse scans and checks the medication and name against the patients ID band; if they match, the medication is then administered and documented after administration. Nurses however, do not follow this simple rule in medication administration. The result of circumventing the rule is that nurses walk into a wrong patients room and administer the wrong medication. According to a research by Carayon et al. (2007), the correct sequence for medication administration is as follows: See Appendix D. These steps are critical in verifying that the right medication is given to the right patient. However, they found that nurses often do not follow the steps. For example, nurses were documenting medications before it was actually given to the patient. They c heck and obtain medication before scanning patients ID band (Carayon et al., 2007). To reduce the problem of workarounds, nurses who are caught with multiple medications and wristbands, need to be disciplined. And bar codes can be printed in bold so nurses can acknowledge them. The use of the BCMA requires complete attention in order to avoid mistakes. Patterson, Cook, and Render (2002) have found that nurses are often interrupted for one problem or another during medication administration. Below is a flow chart that shows the various instances when nurses are interrupted during medication administration process. See Appendix C. Medication administration is very critical and to reduce frequent interruptions, the nurse manager should make sure that a charge nurse (a nurse who supervises other nurses without having a patient) is assigned during every shift to help nurses with minor needs such as moving or walking a patient. Nurses should be given more training opportunity to better understand the use of the BCMA as well as its functions. Conclusion The BCMA is still a challenge to health care workers; on the other hand, it has helped to reduce medication errors since its adoption. Health care providers need to help reduce medication errors by putting patients safety first. Nursing staff need to be more cooperative and strictly follow the prescribed guidelines when using the BCMA system during medication administration.

Herman Melvilles Billy Budd - Billy Budd as Allegorical Figure :: Herman Melville Billy Budd Essays

Billy Budd as Allegorical Figure An allegory is a symbolic story. Herman Melville's Billy Budd is an example of an allegory. The author uses the protagonist Billy Budd to symbolize a superior being who has a perfect appearance and represents goodness. Melville shows the reader that a superior being can be an innocent victim of evil and eventually destroyed. In, Melville's Billy Budd, the main character is an allegorical figure who symbolizes all goodness in men. Billy Budd's image is symbolic. He symbolizes one who is perfect in appearance. Budd is strong and handsome. He is the center of attention and compared to the "Handsome Sailor." (THAAL, pg. 2512) Melville uses an allusion to compare the "Handsome Sailor" and the eye of the constellation Taurus. His comparison also shows that Billy, like the "Handsome Sailor," is popular. Also, the comparison with the "Handsome Sailor" shows Billy as a handsome character. A comparison is also made between Billy and a "mighty boxer or wrestler." (THAAL, pg. 2513) The author wants the reader to see that Billy has strength as well as beauty. He also goes on to make an allusion between "young Alexander", Alexander the Great, and Billy to create an image of a powerful figure. (THAAL, pg. 2513) Melville compares Billy's physical appearance to that of Alexander the conqueror creating an image of a superior being. Billy is an "honest soul" and wants simple peace and quiet. (THAAL, pg. 2514) The simple peace that he seeks may represent the romantic view of a noble savage, who has goodness because he is untainted by the corruption in society. Melville has interest in the noble savage and creates Billy Budd to represent this idea. Billy seems naturally good with no sins in his character. He lives a simple and serious life. For example, when Claggart makes fun of him, Billy does not understand the "humor" in his statement. (THAAL, pg. 2532) Another example that shows Billy's simple character fearfully witnesses a flogging. Billy has never experienced punishment and is afraid of this unknown. He is also naive about evil. When told, by the Dansker, that Claggart, the master at arms, is down on him, Billy is doubtful of the Dansker's words. He replies by saying: "What for?

Policing: Police and Stakeholder Groups

Community policing is a method of enforcing the law and philosophy based on the perception that collaboration and support of the society and police can help reduce crime, the fear of crime and to alleviate the social problems that lead to crime and. The members of the community help to identify suspects, to restrain offenders, report crimes to police and to address the social problems that lead to increase in the crime rates in the first place.Community policing advocates for organizational strategies that incorporate community-police partnerships and problem-solving methods, which seek to deal with the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as social disorder fear of crime and crime itself. There are three gears of community policing; collaboration with the community, resolving the problem affecting the community and transformation of the police organization (Trojanowicz & Bucqueroux, 1994). Other attributes of community policing are partnership, personaliz ed approach, permanent, proactive, patrols and problem solving.Community partnerships refer to the collaboration between the police and the members of the community they serve. These include individuals, private businesses, organizations, community groups, media, and other government agencies. It involves bringing together the law enforcers and various stakeholder groups together so that they develop solutions to the problems and build trust in the police. These partnerships give the stakeholder groups an opportunity to input their ideas and views into the police process; this is done as part of community support and participation.Organizational Transformation involves the restructuring of the structure, information systems, personnel, and management practices to take in the community partnerships and problem solving. It seeks to reinvent the police departments, transform their leadership organizational culture, relationship with other stakeholder groups and agencies, service delive ry, and improve the public perception of the police. The transformation seeks to move away from the traditional view of police to a better force.An example is the shift from the traditional view that the police are the principal government agency that enforces the law to the community policing view that police are community members and all the stakeholder groups are the police; the police officers are just employed to dedicate their full time to the duties of every community member (Palmiotto, 2000). Problem solving involves the engagement of the law enforcers and stakeholder groups in analyzing and identifying the problems and then developing appropriate effective responses.Trojanowicz et al. (1998) explains the SARA (Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment) model of problem solving which is applied in community policing projects. Scanning: identifying the problems based on priorities. Analysis: entails finding out the known facts about the problem. Response: entails coming up with solutions, which will permanently reduce incidences and extent of problems. Assessment: determining whether the problems have changed, and establishing the outcome of the responses.Police subculture refers to a situation where the police officers, instead of adhering to the set professional code of conduct, they come up with their own individual code of ethics. They put loyalty to their fellow colleagues first at the expense of protecting and serving the community. Palmiotto (2000) describes it as â€Å"the blue curtain† and some of its characteristics are cynicism, isolation from others, tribal/racist and ethnic. This clannish mindset results from three factors. First, police officers are the only real crime fighters and are easily identified because of uniforms, badges and guns.Secondly, they have a similar way of life; only police can understand police. They face the same challenges, risks, dangers, and rewards which the public do not have an idea. Lastly, that they are targets of criminals and perceive that various stakeholder groups such as concerned individuals, politicians and bureaucrats do not support them. It is true racist notions of certain communities dominate that police subculture. After the 1970s' police reforms, there has been a gradual rise in minority officers. By mid 1990s, African American officers composed most of the force in Detroit, Washington, D. C. , and Atlanta.However, in states like Miami, Hispanic and African American officers comprised 48 percent and 17 percent respectively (Walker, 1999). Supporters of these transformational efforts recommended that minority officers had less likelihood of using force against minority suspects, and were less likely to be biased against them. Further, they suggested that minority officers would have an improved connection with minority citizens. Indeed, studies have proven that there exists major difference in the attitudes of white officers and minority citizens, though only a smal l number of differences in actual behavior and performance have been reported.Such other noteworthy differences are also seen in the attitudes of minority and white officers toward community policing policies. For instance, a research on police officers working in minority districts in New York City shows that minority officers had positive attitudes about the districts and citizens in the districts they worked. Compared to their white counterparts, it was found out that minority officers adopted a positive attitude towards the community policing initiatives and the society, (Walker, 1999). Besides the race discrimination, there also is the gender bias.With the steady rise in the number of female officers, there have been many theories advanced concerning the attitudes and conduct of males compared to female officers. Those supporting the recruitment of more female officers argued that females would conduct themselves better verbally when handling difficult circumstances, and would be less aggressive. Those against the hiring of female officers put forward the fact that female officers were poor in handling aggressive situations, and faced greater risk resulting in the rise, in officer safety problem.Additionally, they disputed the capabilities of female officers arguing that they would be more like social workers than law enforcers would. Studies have indicated that there are no major variations in attitudes, performance, and on-job-conduct between male and female officers; however, there is a subculture, which underscores the existence of gender discrimination (Palmiotto, 2000). These notions have eventually evolved to police subcultures, which are widely practiced by the police officers.These notions become practices because officers believe that they have the freedom and the right to act or make a judgment based on their own independent choice and thought. The police work usually draws individuals who are naturally dictatorial and guarded; new recruits int o the police force are socialized in the environment full of the subcultures leads to the development and adoption of these traits. Cynicism starts in the military-type police training colleges and gradually rises with years of service; lack of job satisfaction and promotions usually precipitates it (Trojanowicz & Bucqueroux, 1994).Some of these widespread subcultures are intimidation, offensive language, harassment, and unnecessary or excessive use of force. Others are the codes of silence and the â€Å"cop code† (Lawrence, 2010). In the codes of silence, the officer covers evidence, assaults a suspect, or breaks a law to implement another; other officers either overlook or abet contravention of their professional code of ethics. A famed incident of law transgression by the police officers is Rampart scandal in which many of Los Angeles Police Department officers engaged in wanton shootings, assault, faking evidence and drug trafficking (Lawrence, 2010).The cop code comes in when the society feels that the police officers do not follow their code of conduct; it cultivates a sense of mistrust and contempt of the police department. In minority areas, the public starts to view the police as a face for ethnic discrimination. Because of this, the community loses trust in police and refuses to in help them solve crimes and may sometimes culminate in riots. To overcome these embedded notions, a lot needs to be done. Some measures that can be used include controlling the day-to-day police work, raising the education standards for recruits, and improving training.It is widely argued that officers with higher education levels are better equipped to deal with the demanding duties of police officer, their conduct is better, are more likely to use alternatives to arrest, and more restrained in using force against suspects. This is clearly demonstrated in female and minority officers, where it has been proven that officers with higher education have a better view co mmunity policing and more positive attitude towards the citizens (Trojanowicz et al. 1998). Necessary reforms should be instituted and an independent, internal affairs monitoring system be put in place.Watchdogs and community organizations can help make sure that the police force is free of misconduct and corruption. The professional code of conduct and ethics for police officers should be designed in such a way that it incorporates the universal principles of policing. According to Walker (1999), the code should incorporate three important aspects; it should ensure equal protection for all in spite of race, gender, identity, or social status of the lawbreaker. The rule of law must apply to everyone including the law enforcers, and the police must be of high moral conduct greater than that of many members of the public.It should have checks and balances to prevent abuse of power and illegitimate use their power for personal gain. There should be clear guidelines on the use of force; policies should limit the use of excessive force on unarmed or non-dangerous criminals. There should be improved supervision and necessary disciplinary measures taken for the officers who contravene the professional code of conduct. In addition, psychological screenings and intensive screening of the backgrounds of potential police officers should be done to avoid officers with antisocial personalities (Walker, 1999).Community policing involves the police-stakeholder groups partnerships to identify and solve the crimes and social disorders that affect the community through delivering police services and problem-solving tactics. It seeks to alleviate the fear of crime and ensure security and prosperity of the community. In implementing a community-policing program, the first step should be identifying and prioritizing the problems facing the community. The police subcultures play an important role as they can help to identify the possible drawbacks and causes of these problems.The m istrust in the police and few rogue individuals among the officers could be the cause and working on them could reverse the social problems facing the community. The police subcultures also help to understand the challenges to community policing, to identify whether the actual policing is taking place and to determine the future trends of community policing. The existence of a subculture shows that officers have several attitudes, values, and beliefs that are common to them. These practices, attitude, values, and beliefs are passed from officer to officer via the process of socialization.These subcultures can aid in implementing community policing in that if the staffing, instruction, and on-the-street experiences of new recruits that socialize them into the police subculture are positive, the whole police force gradually becomes transformed positively. They can help to build a positive image of the police force. By creating, the trust of community members in the police, they will l ead to new collaborations in the betterment of the community welfare, and community policing as a whole.

Independence day speech Essay

independence Day- the day when British left the golden bird free from their rule. But the bird was left looted, harassed, with the slightest of hope to survive. Then followed a long fight for the survival of golden bird. 64 years have passed and the country is still ‘developing’. The whole world says and even we believe that we are the citizens of an independent country. But a question always keep on hovering in my mind, the answer to which I never found out. You also give it a try. Is India really free? Are we not bound by so many handcuffs of ever growing poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, crimes, men-women inequality, limited technology and the worst of all which potentiate other bounding forces too- Corruption? Shocked seeing the figure Don’t be because there is still a large figure behind the scene which the CBI has failed to suspect. â€Å"Angrez chale gaye par inhe chod gye†- the best phrase that can describe our corrupt politicians and high commanding officers. And why only blame these famous names. Even an  ordinary man is giving them a tough competition- Wrong ways to save income tax, Under table income, and what not. Fighting with any outsider is easy but how to fight with someone amongst ourselves. How to punish a crow from within a group of parrots? And what adds to the tragedy is that everyone is inside this dirty cave of corruption. Those who are in the light of honesty and truthfulness don’t want to make an initiative to clean this dirt. A grand salute to those great leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Swami Vivekanand, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Bhagat Singh who broke a revolt against British and drove them back to their home. Today again we need such leaders to drive corruption out of this beautiful country. Then we all will proudly say that â€Å"Yes!! We are the citizens of an independent country which flies unbound in the sky of glory and success†. Happy Independence Day to all !! Let us vow to make our country a free bird again. Jai Hind!!